Benefit Management

For years, health plans have turned to the prior authorization (PA) process to help prevent the use of unnecessary medications or medical procedures, improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. But as their use has exploded, physicians have pushed back, calling the restrictions onerous and accusing them of hampering their ability to provide care. Now, following years of complaints about PA, several health plans are cutting back on their use of the tactic, potentially spurring others to do the same.

Payers have used PA for decades to help reduce low-value or unsafe care, in turn protecting patients from ineffective or even harmful care and cutting down on waste and unnecessary costs for patients and plans alike. A Milliman report commissioned by the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association and published March 30, 2023, found that if PA were eliminated in the commercial market, increases in premiums could be between $43 billion and $63 billion annually.

Since the FDA approved the first biosimilar — Zarxio (filgrastim-sndz) from Sandoz, then a division of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. — on March 6, 2015, the agency has approved more than 40 additional agents via the 351(k) pathway established under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA), itself part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This past year has been especially busy in the space, with highlights including the launch of nine biosimilars of AbbVie Inc.’s Humira (adalimumab) and approvals of the first biosimilars of three different biologics: Biogen’s Tysabri (natalizumab), Actemra (tocilizumab) from Genentech USA, Inc., a member of the Roche Group and Stelara (ustekinumab) from the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. As the FDA approves more biosimilars, uptake of these agents will continue to increase, say industry experts.

“2023 was a banner year for the biosimilar market,” contends Andy Szczotka, Pharm.D., chief pharmacy officer at AscellaHealth. “The availability of biosimilars across multiple therapeutic areas provides opportunities for physicians, patients and payers to have additional clinical and cost-saving treatment choices.”

Continuing a theme of protecting consumers and ensuring appropriate use of Medicare dollars, the Biden administration on Nov. 6 released its annual rule proposing policy and technical changes for the Medicare Advantage and Part D program. The 2025 MA and Part D proposed rule contains provisions aimed at improving access to behavioral health, streamlining enrollment options for dual eligibles, encouraging biosimilar product substitution, and assessing the impact of prior authorization policies on health equity. But some of the rule’s most detailed proposals centered on two hot-button program areas: supplemental benefits in MA and misleading marketing practices.  

With more than 78% of Medicaid beneficiaries enrolled in managed care plans as of the latest update to AIS’s Directory of Health Plans (DHP), winning and maintaining state contracts is crucial to MCOs that serve the Medicaid population. Six states have pending requests for proposals (RFPs) that serve about 11 million lives combined, while four states recently awarded new contracts. 

In recent years, new Medicaid RFPs have emphasized population health, asking payers to focus on health equity and social determinants of health while integrating services such as behavioral health, managed long-term services and supports (MLTSS), and pharmacy services into acute care. For example, Georgia will shift its aged, blind and disabled Medicaid population from fee-for-service care delivery to managed care when its new contracts begin, and Virginia plans to combine its MLTSS and managed Medicaid plans into one program. States also want improved analytics capabilities to track member outcomes and simplify claims and appeals processes.  

An analysis of Humana Inc. commercial insurance data from markets across the U.S. shows a wide variation of prices across regions for seven common procedures, according to a research letter published on Oct. 27 in JAMA Health Forum. Benjamin L. Chartock, Ph.D., the study’s lead author, tells AIS Health, a division of MMIT, this is the first peer-reviewed paper that examined data shared by insurers via the final Transparency in Coverage (TIC) rule that HHS and the Depts. of Labor and Treasury released in October 2020.

The TIC regulation went into effect starting in July 2022, with more requirements phasing in this year and next year. Chartock admits that, while insurers as of January 2023 are required to provide on their website a list of prices for 500 shoppable items, services and prescription drugs as well as a price comparison tool to allow people to compare cost-sharing and provider information, “it’s extremely complicated in terms of processing [for consumers], and on its own, it is not very useful data.”

A KFF report released on Nov. 8 found that 3,959 Medicare Advantage plans are available for individual enrollment next year, the second-largest number of plans since 2010 and a 1% decrease from this year. Meanwhile, the average beneficiary will be able to choose from 43 plans, the same as this year's record high. Eighty-nine percent of MA plans will offer prescription drug coverage in 2024; while 83% will offer telehealth benefits; and at least 97% will offer some dental, vision, fitness or hearing benefits.

A group of 32 Reps. led by Jerrold Nadler (D-NY) and Judy Chu (D-CA) sent a letter on Nov. 3 to CMS Administrator Chiquita Brooks-LaSure requesting increased oversight of artificial intelligence tools (AI) used to guide coverage decisions for Medicare Advantage plans. The elected officials wrote that “in recent years, problems posed by prior authorization have been exacerbated by MA plans’ increasing use of AI or algorithmic software managed by firms such as NaviHealth, myNexus, and CareCentrix to assist in their coverage determinations in certain care settings.” They asked CMS to require MA plans to report prior authorization data, compare guidance generated by AI tools with actual coverage decisions and assess whether plans are inappropriately using AI tools.

In its annual assessment of whether prescription drug formularies overly restrict access to select medications, the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) gave insurers high marks. While it acknowledges that coverage policy information needs to be much more transparent, this year’s report concludes that “major payer coverage policies for 18 drugs often met fair access criteria for cost sharing, clinical eligibility, step therapy, and provider restrictions.”

However, ICER President-Elect Sarah Emond says the nonprofit research institute is fully aware that its analysis can only do so much to examine all the myriad, complicated facets of what truly defines “fair access.” Therefore, she adds, ICER is actively working on how to make future reports more comprehensive.

A recent survey from WTW found 38% of employer-sponsored health plans provide coverage for anti-obesity medications, while another 22% are planning on or considering covering those drugs in 2024 or 2025. Meanwhile, about two-thirds of employers that are members of WTW’s Rx Collaborative cover anti-obesity drugs, according to Cody Midlam, a director in the company’s Pharmacy Community group.

Midlam tells AIS Health, a division of MMIT, that “we’re definitely seeing the trend is leaning towards adding coverage” of the medications, which are expected to be costly for plans in the coming years. Morgan Stanley, for instance, projected in a September report that the global market for weight management medications could reach $77 billion in 2030, up from just $2.4 billion last year.

Since the FDA approved the first biosimilar — Zarxio (filgrastim-sndz) from Sandoz, then a division of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. — on March 6, 2015, the agency has approved more than 40 additional agents via the 351(k) pathway established under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA), itself part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This past year has been especially busy in the space, with highlights including the launch of nine biosimilars of AbbVie Inc.’s Humira (adalimumab) and approvals of the first biosimilars of three different biologics: Biogen’s Tysabri (natalizumab), Actemra (tocilizumab) from Genentech USA, Inc., a member of the Roche Group and Stelara (ustekinumab) from the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. As the FDA approves more biosimilars, uptake of these agents will continue to increase, say industry experts.

As the PBM and specialty pharmacy worlds have become more integrated, PBMs now are providing more specialty management services than they previously did. Only 15% of respondents to a recent survey said they carve out specialty drugs from the PBM that is providing their pharmacy benefit management, while 26% said they were considering taking this step, according to the 2023 Pharmacy Benefit Manager Customer Satisfaction Report from Pharmaceutical Strategies Group (PSG), an EPIC company.

The 85% of respondents whose PBMs provide both specialty and traditional pharmacy benefit management ranked formulary management of specialty drugs and financial reporting in the pharmacy benefit as the services they were most satisfied with, while they were least satisfied with management of specialty agents in the medical benefit and offering competitive discounts on specialty medications.