Specialty Drugs

The FDA approved the first biosimilar in 2015, and since then, almost 50 more have been greenlighted. Last year saw the biggest influx of these competitors onto the U.S. market, and a recent Cardinal Health report, titled 2024 Biosimilars Report: Insights on a pivotal year of evolution and expansion, highlights this burgeoning market.

Since 2015, biosimilars have saved $23.6 billion, with $9.4 billion of that total coming in 2023 alone. Last year saw the long-awaited competition to the top-selling Humira (adalimumab) from AbbVie Inc., with nine biosimilars launching, two of them with interchangeable status, an important differentiator to providers. “As the top-selling drug in the world with annual sales of $20 billion in 2022, the potential monetary impact of increased market competition cannot be overstated,” says the report.

PBMs often place biosimilar medications on preferred formulary tiers soon after the drugs hit the market, a change from a few years ago, when payers were more hesitant to cover biosimilars, according to a recent Cardinal Health report. However, one of the report’s authors tells AIS Health that PBMs in some cases have kept the reference biologic product on their preferred tier as well, leading to slower adoption of biosimilars.

For instance, Fran Gregory, Pharm.D., Cardinal Health’s vice president of emerging therapies, notes that CVS Health Corp.'s Caremark, The Cigna Group's Express Scripts and UnitedHealth Group's Optum Rx all added Humira (adalimumab) biosimilars to their national preferred formularies when they launched last year. Gregory says those PBMs were “very strategic” about which of the nine Humira biosimilars to place in a preferred tier, analyzing the wholesale acquisition costs (WACs) and concentrations of the products and tailoring them “based on the lines of business they’re serving.” But the payers all put the same tier as the biosimilars, which Gregory says “is where the challenge lies” with adoption.

The growing use of biosimilars has reduced spending in the Medicare Part B program, but there are opportunities to further reduce costs — through greater use of more affordable biosimilars and through the implementation of different payment policies, according to a study published by the HHS Office of Inspector General (OIG).

The OIG analyzed the average sales prices, utilization and costs of 21 biosimilar drugs and their reference biologic products in the Medicare Part B program between 2015 and 2021. The agency found that overall use rate of biosimilars in Part B jumped from 18% in 2015 to 62% in 2021. While the adoption of biosimilars has lowered both the prices of biologics and biosimilars, Part B spending could have been reduced by $179 million in 2021 if the five biosimilars that cost less than their reference products — epoetin alfa, infliximab, bevacizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab — had been used at the same rate as the most widely used biosimilar, filgrastim.

Specialty pharmacies and oncology practices dispensing costly specialty medications have long complained that Medicare Part D direct and indirect remuneration (DIR) fees are not appropriate for these drugs. Efforts to do away with these retroactive fees were finally successful, but revamped reimbursement has brought a new problem — underwater reimbursement — claims the Community Oncology Alliance (COA).

DIR includes rebates and price concessions that occur after the point of sale. According to CMS, total DIR “has been growing significantly in recent years.…In 2020, pharmacy price concessions accounted for about 4.8 percent of total Part D gross drug costs ($9.5 billion), up from 0.01 percent ($8.9 million) in 2010.”

Late last year, the FDA approved a new regimen for urothelial cancer that could transform the treatment of the condition, according to industry experts. However, the cost of the combination — which is estimated to be more than half a million dollars annually — could pose a barrier to its uptake.

On Dec. 15, 2023, the FDA approved Pfizer Inc. and Astellas Pharma Inc.’s Padcev (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv) in combination with Merck & Co., Inc.’s Keytruda (pembrolizumab) for the treatment of people with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (la/mUC). The agency gave accelerated approval to this combination for people with la/mUC who are not eligible for cisplatin-containing chemotherapy on April 3, 2023. The newest approval converts that accelerated approval to full and expands the labeled indication to include the treatment of people eligible for cisplatin chemotherapy. The application had priority review and breakthrough therapy designation.

Feb. 9: The FDA approved Aurobindo Pharma Limited’s deflazacort for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in people at least 5 years old. The corticosteroid is the first generic of PTC Therapeutics, Inc.’s Emflaza that the agency has approved. It has approval as a tablet for all of Emflaza’s dosage strengths: 6 mg, 18 mg, 30 mg and 36 mg. Emflaza also is available as an oral suspension. That agent is approved for the treatment of DMD in people at least 2 years old; it has exclusivity for the treatment of people ages 2 to 5 years old until June 2026. The recommended daily dosing is 0.9 mg/kg. Drugs.com lists the price of 30 18 mg tablets of Emflaza as more than $9,706.

Feb. 9: The FDA approved Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.’s Eohilia (budesonide) for the treatment of people at least 11 years old with eosinophilic esophagitis. The corticosteroid is the first and only FDA-approved oral treatment for the indication. Recommended dosing is 2 mg twice daily for 12 weeks; the agent is available in 2 mg/10 mL single-dose stick packs. Its monthly wholesale acquisition cost is $1,875.

Coherus BioSciences, Inc. launched its Udenyca Onbody, an on-body injector (OBI) presentation of Udenyca (pegfilgrastim-cbqv), the company said Feb. 21. Approved Dec. 22, the OBI is indicated to decrease the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in people with nonmyeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anticancer drugs associated with a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia. Udenyca was first approved Nov. 2, 2018, and the leukocyte growth factor is one of six biosimilars of Amgen Inc.’s Neulasta (pegfilgrastim) that the agency has greenlighted. A health care provider must fill the OBI with the co-packaged syringe and apply it to the patient’s abdomen or back of the arm. About 27 hours after it is applied to the skin, the OBI will deliver a 6 mg/0.6 mL dose of Udenyca over about five minutes.

Catalyst Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s Agamree (vamorolone) is now available in the U.S., the company said March 13. The FDA approved the first-in-class corticosteroid on Oct. 26 for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in people at least 2 years old. The company is offering the comprehensive support program Catalyst Pathways Patient Assistance Program for Agamree for eligible patients. Drugs.com lists the price of 40 mg/mL oral suspension as more than $10,013.

The FDA approved the highest number of novel therapies in years in 2023, and multiple potential blockbusters are slated for decisions in 2024. In addition, the Inflation Reduction Act looms large over the pharma industry as HHS negotiates the prices of the initial 10 Medicare Part D agents and lawsuits over the legality of the IRA play out. And while life sciences dealmaking was down a bit in 2023, the new year already looks to be more promising. AIS Health, a division of MMIT, spoke with some industry experts about their outlook for 2024.

AIS Health: What are some pharma issues to keep an eye on in 2024, and why?

In late 2023, the FDA approved a new treatment regimen for urothelial cancer that represents a “paradigm change,” according to one industry expert. The cost of the therapy, however, could pose a barrier to its uptake.

On Dec. 15, 2023, the FDA approved Pfizer Inc. and Astellas Pharma Inc.’s Padcev (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv) in combination with Merck & Co., Inc.’s Keytruda (pembrolizumab) for the treatment of people with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (la/mUC). The agency gave accelerated approval to this combination for people with la/mUC who are not eligible for cisplatin-containing chemotherapy on April 3, 2023. The newest approval converts that accelerated approval to full and expands the labeled indication to include the treatment of people eligible for cisplatin chemotherapy. The application had priority review and breakthrough therapy designation.

An ongoing lawsuit over the use of copay accumulators is drawing to a close following the defendants’ and plaintiffs’ motions to dismiss their appeals. The ball is now in the federal government’s and state insurance commissioners’ courts to enforce a district court judge’s ruling, which states that manufacturer assistance must be counted toward patients’ out-of-pocket responsibility unless a brand-name drug has a medically appropriate generic equivalent.

Health plans and PBMs several years ago began implementing copay accumulators — and then a new iteration known as copay maximizers that declare certain drugs non-essential health benefits to avoid covering them per the Affordable Care Act (ACA) — to counter manufacturer copay assistance programs. Before these tools, that assistance would count toward beneficiaries’ annual out-of-pocket expenses. When those out-of-pocket maximums were reached, health plans would cover the remainder of members’ costs for the year. With accumulators and maximizers, patients can still use that assistance, but it does not help reduce their out-of-pocket costs.