Value-based Arrangements

Despite the program receiving continued pushback from progressive lawmakers, data from the since-renamed Global and Professional Direct Contracting (GPDC) Model suggests that it is making significant strides, with participants driving gross savings exceeding $870 million in 2022, more than seven times the $117 million in gross savings reported for performance year 2021. At least five known Medicare Advantage sponsors have subsidiaries participating in the model, which allows Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) to share risk and receive capitated payments for serving fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries.

CMS, in a fact sheet highlighting the performance year 2022 data, observed that the total financial savings increased year over year because of “growth in model participation, a longer performance period in PY2022 (12 months vs. 9 months in PY2021), and performance improvements by model participants as they gained experience.” Last year, 99 Direct Contracting Entities participated in the model, up from 53 DCEs in 2021, with 21 million beneficiary months, compared with 3 million beneficiary months in 2021.

Despite the program receiving continued pushback from progressive lawmakers, data from the since-renamed Global and Professional Direct Contracting (GPDC) Model suggests that it is making significant strides, with participants driving gross savings exceeding $870 million in 2022, more than seven times the $117 million in gross savings reported for performance year 2021. At least five known Medicare Advantage sponsors have subsidiaries participating in the model, which allows Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) to share risk and receive capitated payments for serving fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries.

CMS, in a fact sheet highlighting the performance year 2022 data, observed that the total financial savings increased year over year because of “growth in model participation, a longer performance period in PY2022 (12 months vs. 9 months in PY2021), and performance improvements by model participants as they gained experience.” Last year, 99 Direct Contracting Entities participated in the model, up from 53 DCEs in 2021, with 21 million beneficiary months, compared with 3 million beneficiary months in 2021.

One week after the Senate Finance Committee held a hearing on misleading marketing and broker compensation practices in Medicare Advantage, Reps. Frank Pallone, Jr. (D-N.J.) and Richard Neal (D-Mass.) wrote CMS Administrator Chiquita Brooks-LaSure urging the agency to increase oversight and transparency of broker participation and compensation. Specifically, they asked Brooks-LaSure to address this in the upcoming Contract Year 2025 Part C and D Policy and Technical Changes proposed rule, which was submitted to the White House Office of Management and Budget on Aug. 24 and cleared OMB on Oct. 27, with publication still pending as of AIS Health press time. “We appreciate the previous actions taken by [CMS] to prioritize the health and well-being of our nation’s seniors by ensuring that beneficiaries have access to accurate and unbiased information about Medicare coverage. These policies protect the integrity of the Medicare program and ensure that seniors are able to access affordable health coverage,” wrote Pallone, who is ranking member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, and Neal, ranking member of Ways and Means. But they encouraged CMS to build on those policies and reform total broker payments by setting standardized limits on compensation. Ensuring such payments are set at “reasonable amounts” would eliminate “incentives that encourage enrollment in plans with the highest broker payment that may not be best suited for seniors’ health needs,” they wrote.

As publicly traded insurers report their third-quarter 2023 financials this fall, two of the Medicare Advantage organizations most impacted by the 2024 Star Ratings recently expressed confidence in their ability to regain higher marks, driven in part by increased adoption of value-based care models.

For the quarter ending Sept. 30, Elevance Health, Inc. beat Wall Street expectations with adjusted earnings per share (EPS) of $8.99, an increase of roughly 20% over the third quarter of 2022, and recorded operating revenue of $42.5 billion, up 7.2% from the prior-year quarter. Its health benefits operating margin of 5.0% was also above consensus, aided by a medical loss ratio of 86.8%, which came in lower (better) than 87.2% reported in the year-ago quarter — fundamentals that Goldman Sachs viewed as “generally favorable” in an Oct. 18 note to investors. The insurer ended the quarter with 47.3 million medical members, a year-over-year increase of 42,000 lives, reflecting growth in its Affordable Care Act, BlueCard and MA businesses. During the quarter, however, membership fell by 664,000, driven by attrition in Medicaid due to eligibility redeterminations and a new entrant into one of the insurer’s state programs in July, explained Chief Financial Officer John Gallina during a conference call held on Oct. 18 to discuss third-quarter 2023 earnings.

Leading up to the Oct. 15 start of the Medicare Annual Election Period (AEP), news reports across the U.S. have depicted down-to-the-wire disputes between Medicare Advantage insurers and their network providers over sticking points like reimbursement and prior authorization policies. But another development in payer-provider relations is the evolving trend of regional health systems cosponsoring MA plans, which one industry expert says can take various forms and requires careful consideration.

Morgantown, West Virginia’s Peak Health, for one, will launch a new MA plan that it says was designed in partnership with two West Virginia health systems, WVU Medicine and Marshall Health. According to the new insurer’s website, the company is also owned by two other not-for-profit health care providers, Mountain Health Network and Valley Health. Peak is the only West Virginia-based insurance company to offer MA plans sponsored by West Virginia providers, the company said.

A systemwide shift in the direction of value-based contracting has, since the turn of the century, been a cherished goal of many policymakers and health plans. A panel of experts say that a national focus on value-based reimbursement has yielded tangible results, although they say much more must be done to facilitate the value-based care transition — and point out that government may have to play an even bigger role than it already has to make that transformation happen.

Generally, value-based care is defined as paying providers based on cost and quality metrics, rather than per service or visit, and may believe widespread implementation of value-based payment could bring down overall health care spending. It's no secret that health care costs and spending per capita are much higher in the U.S. than they are in other wealthy countries — and experts predict that commercial insurance costs are set to rise steeply over the next few years. However, according to Melinda Buntin, Ph.D., a professor at Johns Hopkins University’s schools of public health and business, increased scrutiny from policymakers and the health care sector on prices over the past two decades has had some impact.

The CEOs of CVS Health Corp. and The Cigna Group on Sept. 12 downplayed the potential for PBM market disruption that could result from Blue Shield of California’s recent deal to unbundle its pharmacy benefit contracts. But both executives hedged by emphasizing their PBMs’ flexibility, and Cigna’s boss suggested that its Express Scripts subsidiary has an a la carte PBM menu.

CVS and Cigna leaders also said, during presentations at the Morgan Stanley Health Care Conference, that they are confident that their Medicare Advantage Star Ratings will improve, and they promised further MA growth. Both firms assured investors that their recent, multibillion-dollar provider transactions will lead to future growth. And both firms, which own two of the “Big Three” PBMs, said that biosimilars will be a boon to payers — with CVS promising as much as 80% savings on its forthcoming Humira (adalimumab) biosimilar line.

As more and more high-cost therapies, including cell and gene therapies (CGTs), enter the U.S. market, commercial health plans have multiple tools at their disposal to manage these agents. Medicaid plans, however, are limited in what they can do. But a multistate value-based contracting (VBC) tool offered by Magellan Rx Management and its parent company, Prime Therapeutics LLC, is helping Medicaid programs access CGTs and ensuring that the agents’ costs are linked to patient outcomes.

A new Medicaid Pharmacy Insights report, titled The State of Value-Based Contracting: Reinventing the Current Drug Payment Model in Medicaid, notes that Medicaid is usually the largest expenditure in state budgets. States need to be able to offer costly CGTs while also managing their budgets. But various barriers to offering value-based contracts — including a lack of resources to negotiate them, as well as collect data and measure outcomes — have limited adoption of these agreements.

Since the 21st Century Cures Act loosened enrollment rules in 2021, enabling more patients with a previous diagnosis of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) to enroll in Medicare Advantage, MA insurers have been striking innovative partnerships with kidney care management companies to better manage care and control costs for kidney disease patients. Most recently, Humana Inc. — one of the leading MA insurers serving ESRD enrollees — unveiled a new value-based care pact with Interwell Health that will cater to most Humana MA HMO and PPO members in 13 states living with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as members across the country living with ESRD.

According to Brandon Spicer, director of kidney care at Humana, the insurer offers a variety of programs for members living with CKD and ESRD, and its program care managers “work closely with providers to give patients individual support and guidance while educating them about their disease, supporting their physician’s care plan and assisting with coordination of care.”

Vermont’s all-payer accountable care organization (ACO), OneCare Vermont (OCV), has reduced Medicare costs but has had minimal impact on the state's Medicaid and commercial segments, a new report commissioned by CMS says. However, the state’s largest carrier — nonprofit commercial insurer Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Vermont (BCBSVT) — withdrew from the program at the end of the 2022 plan year and does not currently plan to return.

The report, prepared by NORC at the University of Chicago on behalf of the CMS Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI), focused most of its cost and quality improvement analysis on Medicare. The report did not make any quantitative assessments of OneCare Vermont’s impact on the commercial market. NORC found that the ACO reduced gross spending for Medicare enrollees by $686.40 per member per year, or 6.2% per year, during the first four years of implementation, resulting in a $124.9 million net reduction of Medicare spending during those years, a drop of 5.7%. However, quality improvement and utilization assessments were more difficult to make due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which distorted utilization patterns during 2020 and 2021.